Scientific and Technical Evaluation of Behina Fabric Stretcher: A Novel Approach in Localization of Rescue and Relief Equipment
First Author Maryam Firouzi
Affiliation : Behnia Improvement Department
Second Author Behnam Farahi
Affiliation : Behnia Improvement Department
Third Author، Nadia Bakhtiari Bahadoor
Affiliation : Behnia Improvement Department
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Abstract
The safe transfer of patients from accident scenes to medical facilities is a critical responsibility of emergency medical teams. The choice of transport equipment significantly affectsScientific and Technical Evaluation of Behina Fabric Stretcher: A Novel Approach in Localization of Rescue and Relief Equipment patient safety, as inappropriate devices can increase the risk of secondary injuries. Fabric stretchers have become essential in rescue operations due to their lightweight, portable,
and cost-effective design, which allows rapid deployment in diverse environments, from urban areas to remote locations.
Scientific and Technical Evaluation of Behina Fabric Stretcher: A Novel Approach in Localization of Rescue and Relief Equipment
The Iranian company ‘Behina’ has addressed this need by developing a standardized, locally manufactured fabric stretcher that meets the requirements of rescue organizations, including the Red Crescent.
The product combines ergonomic design, durable materials, and clinical compliance to ensure both patient safety and operational efficiency.
This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the Behina stretcher. It first reviews the historical development and scientific principles of stretcher design, then examines the technical specifications, structural features, and practical applicability of Behina’s product in real-world emergency scenarios.
The analysis highlights how the stretcher’s lightweight construction, foldability, and reinforced materials enhance usability, durability, and responder efficiency. By focusing on these aspects, the study validates the Behina fabric stretcher as a reliable, scientifically informed, and practically effective tool for emergency medical services.
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Keywords: Patient Transfer, Behina, Stretcher, , Medical Equipment, Emergency Medical Services..
Introduction
The transfer of patients from accident scenes to medical centers constitutes one of the most fundamental actions within the cycle of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and Search and Rescue (SAR) operations. The earliest patient transport implements historically comprised wooden boards or rudimentary metallic litters, which only facilitated short-term and limited movement. As the scope of rescue activities expanded and operational environments (such as highways, mountainous terrain, and confined urban spaces) became more complex, the necessity for designing lighter, more ergonomic tools suitable for harsh environmental conditions became evident.
Fabric stretchers have been widely adopted in advanced emergency systems over recent decades as a viable alternative to rigid, metallic models [1]. Features such as foldability, light weight, ease of maneuvering in restricted spaces (like elevators and narrow alleys), and simple storage capacity are primary factors contributing to the extensive acceptance of this stretcher type.
In Iran, in alignment with the imperative for the localization of medical equipment and the reduction of import dependency, the ‘Behina’ company has undertaken the design and production of a fabric stretcher. This product is not only more cost-effective compared to foreign counterparts but also maintains a
high degree of competitiveness due to its adaptation to domestic operational conditions and the specific requirements of national rescue organizations.
The Importance of Proper Design
A stretcher is not merely a tool for patient relocation; rather, it plays a preventive role in averting secondary injuries. In critical situations such as spinal fractures, severe limb trauma, or multi-system injuries, even the slightest unintended movement during patient transfer can result in irreversible neurological or spinal cord damage, worsening the patient’s prognosis and complicating subsequent medical interventions. This underscores the necessity for stretcher design to be grounded in principles of biomechanics, ergonomics, and safe patient transference.
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Biomechanically optimized stretchers are engineered to distribute pressure evenly across the patient’s body, minimize torsional forces, and maintain neutral alignment of the spine and limbs during transport. Materials used in stretcher construction, such as lightweight alloys, high-density foams, and flexible yet firm surfaces, contribute not only to patient comfort but also to reducing stress on vulnerable anatomical regions. Ergonomic design features for medical personnel—such as adjustable height, easy maneuverability, and secure locking mechanisms—further enhance the safety and efficiency of patient handling, which is particularly crucial during emergency responses where rapid but safe movement is required.
In a clinical study, Liu et al. (2012) evaluated an innovative stretcher termed the ‘Emergency Carpet.’ The device was specifically designed to accommodate patients with spinal or limb injuries while minimizing movement that could exacerbate neurological symptoms. Findings across 20 patients demonstrated that this stretcher could transport patients without worsening existing injuries, and its design even allowed for advanced medical imaging procedures, such as CT or MRI scans, without necessitating patient repositioning. This capability not only reduced the risk of secondary injury but also streamlined clinical workflow, enabling faster diagnosis and intervention.
These results underscore the significance of precise, evidence-based design in medical equipment, highlighting that a stretcher is not merely a passive transport device but a multifunctional clinical tool. By integrating biomechanical principles, ergonomic considerations, and multifunctional capabilities, modern stretchers play a vital role in preventing clinical complications, safeguarding patient outcomes, and supporting healthcare professionals in delivering timely and effective care. As such, continued innovation in stretcher design remains a critical area of research in emergency medicine, trauma care, and biomedical engineering.
Skin Pressure and Pressure Ulcers
One of the recognized challenges in traditional fabric stretchers is the creation of localized pressure on the body surface, which can lead to discomfort, impaired blood circulation, and an increased risk of developing pressure ulcers, especially in patients who are immobilized for extended periods. Webb et al. demonstrated that the choice of fabric weave structure directly influences the degree of skin pressure, highlighting the importance of material selection in patient care. In this study, three-dimensional spacer fabrics with elastic properties were found to significantly reduce localized pressures by distributing the load more evenly across the body surface.
These fabrics adapt to body contours, providing cushioning and preventing excessive stress on vulnerable areas such as bony prominences, thereby reducing the likelihood of soft tissue damage. In contrast, non-elastic materials, such as plain Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), do not conform to body shapes and tend to concentrate pressure on specific points, increasing the risk of skin injury, ischemia, and pressure necrosis.
Weaknesses of Simple Models
Research evidence indicates that fabric stretchers lacking stabilizing supports do not possess sufficient capability to ensure patient stabilization. [1] This shortcoming is particularly critical in patients with limb fractures, cervical spine injuries, or multiple trauma, where even minimal unintended movements can lead to dangerous displacements, aggravate existing injuries, and result in clinical deterioration. In emergency care settings, inadequate stabilization not only jeopardizes patient safety but can also complicate subsequent interventions such as imaging, surgical procedures, or intensive care management.
To address these risks, modern design standards emphasize that fabric stretchers must be equipped with structural reinforcements that ensure rigidity and uniform load distribution. High-strength industrial stitching, reinforced edge seams, and strategically placed support bars are recommended to maintain proper patient alignment throughout transport.
These design features help minimize torsional forces and shear stress on vulnerable anatomical regions, thereby reducing the likelihood of secondary injuries. Moreover, the use of durable, high-tensile fabrics ensures that the stretcher can withstand repeated use under extreme conditions without compromising structural integrity.
In addition to patient safety, ergonomic considerations for medical personnel are equally important. Properly designed fabric stretchers with reinforced support systems enable caregivers to lift, carry, and maneuver patients more efficiently while reducing the risk of musculoskeletal strain.
Some advanced models even integrate modular attachments for immobilization devices, padding, and head or limb supports, allowing simultaneous stabilization and comfort during transportation.
Overall, the integration of biomechanical principles, industrial-grade materials, and standardized stitching techniques transforms fabric stretchers from simple transport tools into critical devices capable of maintaining patient safety in high-risk scenarios. Adherence to these modern design standards is essential to prevent secondary injuries, improve clinical outcomes, and support the effectiveness of emergency medical services.
Modern Design Features
Specialized rescue guidelines emphasize a set of key features in modern stretcher design. [3] These include:
- Extremely Low Weight (preferably less than 2 kg) to increase mobility and portability.
- Collapsibility and Compact Packaging for use in confined spaces and transport in small bags.
- High Weight Capacity (minimum 120 kg) appropriate for diverse clinical conditions.
- Moisture Resistance and Frequent Washability to maintain hygiene and extend product lifespan.
These features are designed not only to comply with established clinical standards but also to optimize operational efficiency and enhance the overall experience of emergency responders in critical scenarios. By streamlining workflow processes, reducing response times, and minimizing the likelihood of human error, these capabilities enable medical personnel to devote greater attention to patient care rather than administrative or logistical concerns. Furthermore, they support improved communication and coordination among multidisciplinary teams, ensuring that essential interventions are performed promptly and accurately. Ultimately, the integration of these features contributes to superior patient outcomes, heightened safety, and more effective management of high-pressure emergency situations.
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A Comprehensive Analysis of the Behina Fabric Stretcher: From Ergonomics to
The fabric stretcher produced by the Iranian company “Behina” represents a localized and practical solution in the field of rescue equipment, specifically designed to address the operational demands of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) organizations.
This stretcher exemplifies the integration of lightweight design, durability, and patient safety, making it highly suitable for both urban and remote emergency scenarios. The technical specifications of the product are as follows:
- Dimensions: Measuring 200 × 100 cm, the stretcher is designed to accommodate the physique of most adult patients comfortably, ensuring proper support during transport.
- Weight Capacity: Capable of supporting up to 120 kg, the stretcher complies with clinical standards for adult patient handling, providing reliable performance under emergency conditions.
- Weight: Weighing less than 1.5 kg, it falls within the category of ultra-light stretchers, which allows EMS personnel to transport it easily without causing physical strain, even in challenging environments.
- Foldability: The stretcher can be folded compactly to fit into a small rescue bag, facilitating rapid deployment and easy transportation in field emergencies where space and mobility are critical.
- Durability: Engineered for a useful life of up to 5 years under standard storage conditions, the stretcher ensures long-term reliability and consistent performance.
- Material and Structure: Constructed from high-tensile, tear-resistant fabric, and reinforced with industrial stitching and robust straps, the stretcher provides enhanced patient safety. Its design minimizes the risk of structural failure, offering EMS personnel confidence in handling patients under critical circumstances. [6]
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Advantages
A qualitative and comparative analysis of this product indicates that the Behina fabric stretcher possesses several significant strengths:
- Light Weight and Small Volume: Facilitates transport in field operations and under stringent environmental conditions.
- Economic Savings: Lower final cost compared to imported models, enabling broader access for emergency organizations.
- Localized Design: Full compliance with pre-hospital emergency requirements and operational needs in Iran.
- Appropriate Weight Capacity: Covers a wide spectrum of adult patients without compromising safety.
- Washability and Easy Maintenance: Enhances hygiene and extends the product’s service life cycle
- Scientific and Technical Evaluation of Behina Fabric Stretcher: A Novel Approach in Localization of Rescue and Relief Equipment
Limitations
Despite its numerous advantages, the (Behin) fabric stretcher still presents certain limitations that warrant
consideration in future design iterations.
- Limitation in spinal immobilization: In trauma cases requiring complete immobilization of the spinal column, the sole use of this stretcher is insufficient. To ensure full stabilization and prevent secondary injuries, it should be employed alongside a backboard, vacuum mattress, or other spinal support devices. [5]
Nevertheless, the present analysis highlights that the Behina fabric stretcher, owing to its practical and economic strengths, represents a valuable complementary instrument within Iran’s emergency medical and rescue infrastructure. Its design demonstrates that locally manufactured medical devices can effectively substitute imported models while maintaining essential performance and safety standards. However, additional refinements—particularly in the areas of ergonomic design, pressure distribution, and long-term comfort—remain necessary to enhance patient safety and responder efficiency during extended rescue operations.
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Discussion
A comparative assessment of the *Behina* fabric stretcher with both academic literature and commercial alternatives reveals that it fulfills the core operational needs of emergency responders.
- Weight and size: Classified among the lightest stretchers in the Iranian market, it enhances portability and reduces physical fatigue for rescuers during multi-casualty incidents or long-distance extractions.
- Load capacity: Withstanding up to 120 kilograms, it adheres to international safety benchmarks for adult patients, ensuring structural reliability under stress. [7]
- Design: Reinforced industrial stitching and high-tensile materials significantly improve mechanical stability compared to traditional woven or canvas-based stretchers.
- Economic aspect: Its affordability and ease of procurement provide a sustainable solution for domestic rescue organizations, particularly in resource-limited settings.
Despite these achievements, scientific studies underscore the potential of advanced textile technologies, such as *spacer fabrics*, to further reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers and skin abrasions during patient transport. Integrating such materials could enhance ventilation, comfort, and overall clinical performance.
Furthermore, the future development of hybrid configurations, including Emergency Carpets or *Vacuum Mattresses, would expand the stretcher’s functional scope, offering adaptable solutions for diverse emergency contexts—from disaster response to prehospital trauma care. [5], [7]
Scientific and Technical Evaluation of Behina Fabric Stretcher: A Novel Approach in Localization of Rescue and Relief Equipment
Conclusion
The Behina fabric stretcher represents a noteworthy achievement in the localization and advancement of medical equipment manufacturing in Iran. As a product developed to meet both clinical and operational demands, it combines several essential features—lightweight design, standardized dimensions,
high load-bearing capacity, and affordability—to deliver a reliable and efficient solution for emergency medical services.
Such a balance between functionality and cost-effectiveness is especially crucial in developing healthcare systems,
where accessibility, ease of deployment, and long-term durability play a defining role in improving patient outcomes.
Research evidence supports that incorporating high-tensile fabrics, reinforced industrial stitching,
and ergonomic design principles can significantly enhance both the safety and comfort of patients during transfer.
In particular, Behina’s fabric stretcher utilizes advanced weaving technology and robust load-distribution geometry to minimize patient motion,
reduce pressure points, and ensure stability even under demanding field conditions.
The design also considers caregiver ergonomics—allowing emergency personnel to maneuver the stretcher with minimal physical strain, thereby reducing the risk of occupational injuries among responders.
Beyond short-term patient transport in emergency scenarios,
the Behina stretcher demonstrates excellent compatibility with other immobilization and stabilization systems such as cervical collars, vacuum mattresses, and spine boards.
This adaptability enables its integration into comprehensive prehospital care systems, where rapid and secure transfer can be a decisive factor in patient survival and neurological prognosis. Moreover, the product’s compact storage dimensions and washable,
reusable material make it ideal for disaster response, military applications, and rural healthcare services with limited logistical resources.
From an innovation perspective, the Behina fabric stretcher exemplifies how **technical creativity and localized engineering can bridge the gap between international design standards and domestic production capabilities.
Its development reflects Iran’s growing capacity to design and manufacture high-quality medical equipment tailored to regional needs and environmental conditions. The success of such a product indicates a strong potential for future generations of advanced
stretchers—featuring smart materials, sensor integration, or modular add-ons—and even expansion into export markets, particularly in neighboring regions with similar emergency response challenges.
Ultimately, this case highlights the broader significance of integrating technological innovation, ergonomic optimization, and economic localization in the development of lightweight, portable, and safe medical devices.
The Behina fabric stretcher not only fulfills immediate operational needs but also serves as a model for sustainable innovation in the medical device industry—showcasing how local design and manufacturing can contribute to global standards of patient care and safety.
The authors of this paper express their sincere gratitude and appreciation to the Iranian company
“Behina” for facilitating this study through their technical support and the provision of precise information regarding the design and production of the fabric stretcher. We also sincerely thank the prominent researchers Liu, Webb, and Lim for their significant contributions to the field of fabric stretcher design and optimization. The scientific achievements of these researchers formed the foundation for the scientific analyses in this article,
paving the way for the development of safe, lightweight, and ergonomic medical equipment. [8]
References
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[2]Liu, Yan-Sheng; Feng, Ya-Ping; Xie, Jia-Xin; Luo, Zhuo-Jing; Shen, Cai-Hong; Niu, Fang; Zou; Tang, Jian; Hao, Shao-Feng; Xu, Jiang;
Xiao, Jia-Xiang; Xu, Li-Ping; Zhu, Xiao-Ming; Hui; Di Giovanni, Simone, “A Novel First Aid Stretcher for Immobilization and Transportation of Spine Injured Patients,”
[3]Li, Yitong, “An Integrated Metric for Rapid and Equitable Emergency Rescue Operations,” ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Volume not specified, 2025
[4]Webb, J., et al., “The Use of Spacer Fabrics for Absorbent Medical Applications,” Journal of Industrial Textiles, SAGE Publications, Volume 45, Issue 4, 2016
[5]Ghosh, S., et al., “Design, Experiment and Fabrication of Multipurpose Stretcher,” International Journal of
Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication, Volume 8, Issue 6S4, April 2019, 66-70.
[6]Ma, X., et al., “A Fabric-Based Textile Stretch Sensor for Optimized Pressure Monitoring in Stretchers,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Elsevier, Volume 315, 2020
[7]Jafari, M., et al., “Stretcher Neutralizing Harmful Forces on Injured Persons,” Indian Journal of Science and Research, Volume 5, Issue 2, 2014, 59-6
[9]Zhu, M., et al., “Fluidic Fabric Muscle Sheets for Wearable and Soft Robotics,” Nature Communications, Nature Publishing Group
[10]Kluth, K., “Ergonomics in the Rescue Service—A Study on the Handling of Stretchers,” Applied Ergonomics, Elsevier, Volume 37, Issue 6, 2006
Scientific and Technical Evaluation of Behina Fabric Stretcher: A Novel Approach in Localization of Rescue and Relief Equipment
